This series covers polyfunctional words — high-frequency Russian function words that serve multiple grammatical roles — plus the morphology of adpositions, conjunctions, and particles. Usage articles group related words; each section treats one word, with subsections for its distinct grammatical functions and tooltip examples of common usage.
Chapters
1
Adpositions
Morphology, orthography, and etymology of Russian prepositions. 2
Conjunctions
Morphology, orthography, and etymology of Russian conjunctions. 3
Particles
Morphology, orthography, and etymology of Russian particles. 4
Morphology of Polyfunctional Words
Morphology, orthography, and etymology of Russian polyfunctional function words. 5
что, как, то, так
Polyfunctional words что, как, то, and так: complementizers, interrogatives, correlatives, and manner adverbs. 6
да, это, вот, же
Polyfunctional words да, это, вот, and же: demonstratives, deictics, emphasis, and discourse particles. 7
если, когда, чтобы, хотя
Polyfunctional subordinators если, когда, чтобы, and хотя: condition, time, purpose, and concession. 8
пока, который, какой, такой
Polyfunctional words пока, который, какой, and такой: temporal, relative, interrogative, and demonstrative functions. 9
сам, один, самый, весь
Polyfunctional words сам, один, самый, and весь: reflexive emphasis, indefiniteness, superlatives, and totality. 10
свой, только, ещё, уже
Polyfunctional words свой, только, ещё, and уже: reflexive possession, restriction, addition, and temporal/aspectual marking. 11
ведь, ну, ли
Polyfunctional discourse particles ведь, ну, and ли: explanation, softening, and interrogative marking. 12
словно, будто
Polyfunctional comparison particles словно and будто: simile, evidentiality, and hedging in Russian.